Table 1 Characteristics of subjects in each group

Age (year), mean ± SD

58.7 ± 10.2

55.3 ± 10.3

 < 0.001

Sex, male/female

14,315 (81) / 3359 (19)

920 (44) / 1170 (56)

 < 0.001

Smoking history

never

ever or current

unknown

946 (5.4)

3542 (20)

13,186 (74.6)

686 (32.8)

226 (10.8)

1178 (56.4)

 < 0.001

Alcohol intake

never

social or heavy

unknown

3131 (17.7)

6599 (37.3)

7944 (45)

221 (10.6)

16 (0.8)

1853 (88.7)

 < 0.001

HBsAg

negative

positive

unknown

10,606 (60)

1886 (10.7)

5155 (29.2)

N/A

N/A

Anti-HCV antibody

negative

positive

unknown

12,253 (64.4)

239 (13.5)

5155 (29.2)

N/A

N/A

AFP (ng/ml), mean ± SD

10,121.1 ± 91,585.4

N/A

N/A

SEER stage

DM ( −)

DM ( +)

unknown

15,580 (88.2)

1007 (5.7)

1086 (6.2)

N/A

N/A

PIL

485 (2.7)

23 (1.1)

 < 0.001

HCC group (n = 6,380)

Control group (n = 1,595)

OR (95% CI)

P

PIL^a

118 (1.85)

15 (0.94)

1.985 (1.157 − 3.406)

0.013